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Definition

Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is a term used in military operations to define the assistance provided by one country’s armed forces to another country to help them resist insurgency, subversion, terrorism, or other threats to their security. The assistance typically involves the provision of advisors, trainers and support personnel. Its purpose is not only to enhance the foreign country’s internal defensive capabilities but also to promote regional stability.

Key Takeaways

Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is a term applied in military operations referring to the support given by the armed forces of a foreign nation to their domestic civil authorities and population to secure them from insurgent, criminal, terrorist, or other threats.
FID primarily focuses on training, advising, and assisting host nation security forces in enhancing their capability to fight again internal threats. It serves as a proactive measure to prevent conflicts from escalating, thus reducing the potential need for more direct military involvement.
The overall objective of FID is not just focused on conflict resolution but also involves building sustainable institutions, promoting good governance, human rights, and supporting the growth of civil society. Hence, it integrates both military and non-military actions in its strategy.

Importance

Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is an important term in military operations as it refers to the participation of external forces in aiding a nation’s internal defense and development measures.

This strategy is crucial in preventing conflicts and fostering stability, as it assists countries in establishing effective defense mechanisms against internal threats such as insurgency, terrorism, or other forms of hostilities.

FID, often employed by the U.S.

military, helps in strengthening alliances, enhancing partner nations’ military capabilities, and in some cases, human rights and rule of law.

By promoting national sovereignty, political stability, and preventing the expansion of hostile influences, FID plays a crucial role in the global security landscape.

Explanation

Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is a military concept developed primarily by the United States Armed Forces. It is a strategic approach aimed at empowering allied or friendly nations to quell internal threats and establish stability within their territories.

The purpose of FID extends beyond merely military operations; it strives to support the host nation in asserting control over its sovereign space by providing assistance across a variety of fields, including humanitarian efforts, infrastructure development, and improvement of governance standards. Instead of a direct intervention, FID focuses on training and equipping the native forces of the host nation to combat insurgencies, terrorism, or other internal threats, alleviating the need for direct foreign military intervention.

Although the armed forces spearhead the operations, it is an interagency effort. Economic, political, psychological and civic actions are also integrated into the FID to ensure a comprehensive approach towards stability.

The guidance and support offered under the FID program can potentially aid the host nation in creating a secure environment for its citizens and foster long-term development and growth.

Examples of Foreign internal defense (FID)

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines: This is an example of a U.S. military operation in partnership with the Philippines that aimed to provide foreign internal defense after the attacks on September 11,

The objective was to help the Philippine military to counter terrorist groups such as Abu Sayyaf and Jemaah Islamiyah.

U.S. Military Training Mission to Saudi Arabia (USMTM): The USMTM is a security cooperation organization with the mission to advise and assist Saudi Arabian armed forces through security cooperation efforts in developing, training and sustaining capable deterrence and defense capabilities. This has been an enduring partnership demonstrating FID tactics.

U.S. Support to Colombia: The U.S. has supported Colombia’s counterinsurgency campaign for decades. The U.S. has aided the Colombian government in its fight against Marxist guerrillas like the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), as well as against drug kingpins and cartels. The U.S. has provided both equipment and training to Colombian forces, in compliance with Foreign Internal Defense policies.

FAQs on Foreign Internal Defense (FID)

What is Foreign Internal Defense (FID)?

Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is a military term that refers to the participation by civilian and military agencies of a government in any created program taken to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency.

What are the primary goals of FID?

Foreign Internal Defense is aimed at helping a host nation (HN) establish its own internal defense and development(IDAD) strategy. FID can offer a U.S. military presence and the ability to pursue U.S. objectives without the need for large-scale operations.

How does FID differ from other military operations?

FID involves a more comprehensive approach than traditional military operations. It focusses not only on military aspects but also emphasizes on the so-called “soft power” elements that include diplomatic and economic action, information management, and institutional development.

What is the significance of FID in global military strategy?

FID plays a crucial role in global military strategy as it contributes to preventing wars before they start. It helps in setting up a stable environment that can resist internal threats and reduce the need for larger-scale military intervention.

Who are the primary executors of Foreign Internal Defense (FID) missions?

Foreign Internal Defense missions are primarily executed by Special Forces or Green Berets, although other units of the military often contribute including Civil Affairs teams and Psychological Operations units.

Related Military Operation Terms

Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG)
Security Cooperation (SC)
Indirect Support
Insurgency Resistance
Security Force Assistance (SFA)

Sources for More Information

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS): The JCS has updated guidelines and documents on FID.
United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM): As an integral part of the U.S. military, SOCOM often conducts FID missions.
National Defense University (NDU): NDU’s resources often include research and educational material on topics like FID.
U.S. Department of State: The State Department often coordinates with military operations and may have relevant information on FID.

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Definition

Foreign Military Sales (FMS) is a U.S. government program that facilitates sales of American defense equipment, services, and training to foreign governments. The program is administered by the U.S. Department of Defense through agreements with foreign nations. This aids in enhancing the security and defense capabilities of allied countries, while promoting U.S. national security interests.

Key Takeaways

Foreign Military Sales (FMS) refers to the United States government’s program for selling defense equipment, services, and training to allied and partner nations. This helps to promote global security and stability.
The FMS program operates as a form of security assistance and is completely financed by the recipient countries. This enables nations that might not have the capacity to purchase high-quality military equipment directly, to still have access to these resources.
The Defense Security Cooperation Agency oversees the FMS program. The process involves several steps such as case development, implementation, execution, and finally closure, ensuring full governmental oversight on such transactions to maintain the integrity of the program and adhere to U.S. foreign policy objectives.

Importance

Foreign Military Sales (FMS) is an important term in military operations as it signifies the program under which the U.S. government operates as an intermediary in selling U.S.

defense equipment, services, and training to foreign allies and partners. This is vital because it enhances regional stability and defense capabilities, strengthening international relationships and bolstering global security.

FMS plays a key role in fostering these mutual security relationships, as it provides logistical and operational support and helps to ensure that these resources are used in a strategic and responsible manner. It supports the U.S.

defense industry and helps maintain the country’s industrial base, which is ultimately crucial for the U.S.’ readiness and national security.

Explanation

Foreign Military Sales (FMS) play a critical role in enhancing global security, promoting peace, and establishing diplomatic ties. Essentially, FMS act as a mechanism through which countries can procure military equipment, defense articles, training, and services from the United States. The primary purpose of this instrument is to aid in the bolstering of the defense capabilities of American allies, subsequently reinforcing international alliances and security cooperation.

The operational utility of FMS is multifaceted. On one hand, it assists the U.S. in fostering strategic relationships with partner nations, facilitating a robust military interoperability that serves American global interests.

On the other hand, it helps recipient nations modernize their military forces, counter threats, and participate effectively in coalition operations. The focus is not merely on the sale of equipment but also extends to enhancing operational readiness and capacity building of friendly nations’ forces. Thus, FMS are both a diplomatic channel of military aid and a potent tool to improve the global strategic environment.

Examples of Foreign military sales (FMS)

F-16 Fighter Jets to Taiwan: The US State Department in 2019 approved the sale of 66 F-16 fighter jets to Taiwan via FMS, in a move to bolster Taiwan’s defensive capabilities against potential aggression from Mainland China. This was a tangible example of FMS in action.

Saudi Arabia’s Purchase of THAAD Antimissile Defense Systems: In 2018, the U.S. signed a Foreign Military Sales deal to sell Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) antimissile defense system to Saudi Arabia, responding to the latter’s need to improve its defense infrastructure due to the growing threats in the Middle East region.

AH-64 Apaches to India: In 2020, The United States completed the delivery of Apache AH-64E Attack Helicopters to India as part of a multimillion-dollar foreign military sales deal. These helicopters enhanced the Indian Air Force’s combat capabilities particularly in terms of its ability to conduct precision strikes.

FAQ – Foreign Military Sales (FMS)

1. What is Foreign Military Sales (FMS)?

Foreign Military Sales (FMS) is a security assistance program regulated by the U.S. government, selling defense articles, defense services, and military training to foreign countries and international organizations.

2. Who benefits from the FMS?

The FMS program is not only advantageous to the U.S., but also to its allied countries. Apart from strengthening the defensive capabilities of allies, the FMS also promotes national and global security, increases foreign policy influence, and fosters better military-to-military contacts.

3. How is the pricing determined in FMS?

Pricing in FMS sales are calculated based on a no-profit, no-loss principle. The U.S. Government does not make profit from the deal, however, it seeks to recover the costs associated with the management of the program.

4. Can any country purchase defense articles via FMS?

No, not every country can engage in a Foreign Military Sales program. The President determines which countries are eligible to make a purchase via FMS based on foreign policy and national security considerations.

5. What are defense articles and services?

Defense articles refer to any weapon, weapons system, munition, aircraft, vessel, boat or other implement of war. Defense services include any service, test, inspection, repair, training, publication, technical or other assistance, or defense information used for the purpose of making sales.

Related Military Operation Terms

Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA)
Letter of Offer and Acceptance (LOA)
Direct commercial sales (DCS)
International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)
Security Assistance Program

Sources for More Information

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Definition

A foreign national refers to any person who is not a citizen of the host country in which they are living or operating. In military operations, these individuals may come into contact with forces either as civilians, allies, or adversaries. Their rights and interactions may be governed by local laws, international laws, or military codes.

Key Takeaways

Foreign Nationals refer to individuals who are not citizens of the country in which they are serving or present. In military operations context, the term is often used to define individuals from other countries who are involved or impacted by the military actions.
These individuals often play significant roles in military operations by providing local expertise, assisting with coordination and communication efforts, or by directly participating in the operations. Their protection, as non-combatants, often becomes an important part of military mission planning and execution.
Understanding and relationship-building with Foreign Nationals are crucial aspects in military operations. They often provide valuable insights into local culture, politics and social structures that can enhance the efficiency of operations and contribute to mission success.

Importance

The term “foreign national” in military operations is important because it refers to a person who is not a citizen of the host country where the military operation is taking place. Such individuals can significantly influence the political dynamics, execution, outcomes, or even the legality of the operation.

Their involvement could stem from being local resources, collaborators, adversaries, or neutral entities. Foreign nationals can also be subjected to, directly or indirectly affected, or displaced by military actions.

As such, how foreign nationals are treated, protected, or engaged with, within the framework of human rights, international law, and military ethics, can impact the reputation and relationships of the military force, both locally and internationally. Therefore, understanding and appropriately managing interactions with “foreign nationals” is crucial in military operations.

Explanation

Foreign national is a term used prevalently within military operations and diplomacy to describe an individual who is not a citizen of the host country in which they are currently living or operating. Essentially, this individual hails from another country different from the one in which they are present. It’s important to understand that foreign nationals can constitute a wide range of people, including diplomats, military personnel, workers, immigrants, or even tourists.

Each of these categories brings a unique element of interaction for the military facets, particularly when it involves a situation pertaining to jurisdiction, security, humanitarian assistance, or international relations. The purpose of identifying foreign nationals in military operations is multifaceted. For one, it ensures the appropriate application of international laws and conventions during the conduct of military operations, especially in conflict zones.

It comforts the principle of non-combatant immunity and protection of civilian lives. Furthermore, the identification of foreign nationals can be crucial in rescue missions, evacuation operations, and humanitarian assistance endeavors, ensuring that exit strategies, diplomatic protocols, and international laws are all adhered to efficiently. In a broader sense, the recognition of foreign nationals aids in fostering better international relations, understanding cultural differences, and ensuring the respect and dignity of all involved, irrespective of their national origin.

Examples of Foreign national

Operation Atlantis: This was a covert CIA mission carried out in Bolivia in the late 1960s. The operation was led by CIA agent Felix Rodriguez, aided by a team of foreign nationals from several Latin American countries, to train and lead the Bolivian army battalion that ultimately captured and killed revolutionary Che Guevara.

Operation Iraqi Freedom: This was a military operation started by the United States and United Kingdom in 2003, with assistance from other countries like Australia and Poland. The operation involved many foreign nationals, specifically Iraqis, who the US forces trained and incorporated into the new Iraqi Security Forces as they sought to rebuild the Iraqi military after the downfall of Saddam Hussein.

Operation Anaconda: This took place in Afghanistan in early 2002 and was one of the first large-scale battles in the US-led war against the Taliban. United States forces led the operation but they worked closely with foreign nationals, including Afghan forces and other allied troops, in order to rout al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters from the Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains.

FAQs on Foreign National in Military Operations

1. Who is considered a Foreign National?

A Foreign National is an individual who is from a country other than the one where certain military operations or activities are being conducted. They are legally recognized as a national or citizen of a state different from that of the place they are currently present.

2. Can a Foreign National participate in Military Operations?

Typically, Foreign National participation in military operations may be limited and highly regulated in many countries. However, certain countries do allow foreign nationals to serve in their military under specific circumstances. This is typically subject to bilateral treaties, national laws, and military regulations. It’s best to check relevant guidelines for specific information.

3. What are the security implications when working with Foreign Nationals in Military Operations?

Working with Foreign Nationals in military operations may involve security risks such as potential espionage or conflicting loyalties. Hence, stringent procedures are in place, which include thorough background checks and security clearances, to mitigate these risks.

4. How are Foreign Nationals treated under military law?

Foreign Nationals are typically treated under the military law of the country they are serving. They are expected to adhere to the rules, regulations, and legalities outlined in the military law of the host country. However, their home country might also retain some legal rights. The details can vary based on specific agreements between the countries involved.

Related Military Operation Terms

Visa Status: Denotes the foreign national’s standing in the U.S. and eligibility for VA benefits.
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): The U.S. federal agency that provides benefits to veterans and their eligible family members outside the United States.
The Foreign Medical Program (FMP): A VA program that provides health care benefits to foreign nationals who are U.S. veterans.
Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA): A division of the VA responsible for administering benefits such as compensation, education, loan guaranty, and vocational rehabilitation.
Service-connected disability: A condition resulting from injuries or illnesses that were caused by or worsened during active military service, granting veterans the opportunity to receive related benefits overseas.

Sources for More Information

Sure, here are four reliable sources for information on the military operations term “Foreign national”:

U.S. Department of Defense: The official homepage of the United States Department of Defense, this search engine-friendly site provides access to a vast amount of military and defense-related information.
U.S. Department of State: The State Department’s official webpage where you can find information on U.S. policies, including those related to foreign nationals and military operations.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): As part of its mission, the FBI often deals with issues related to foreign nationals; its website is a rich source of information.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS): This is the government agency that oversees lawful immigration to the United States and it provides a glossary of terms including “Foreign national”.

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Definition

Foreign Nation Support (FNS) is a military operations term for support provided by foreign nations to United States forces during peacetime, crises, war, or post-conflict operations. This support can come in various forms, including but not limited to administrative, logistical, or security assistance. It is typically governed by terms outlined in formal international agreements.

Key Takeaways

Foreign Nation Support (FNS) refers to the aid provided by foreign national governments, agencies, and nationals to US military services, which can include things like logistics, administrative support, and services like food, water, and transportation.
FNS not only relieves U.S. forces of performing support functions, but it also reduces the footprint of U.S. forces in the foreign nation. This may help to lessen local tensions and potential anti-American sentiment.
The level of FNS can vary widely depending on the nature of the international relationships, the type and scale of the military operation, and the capacity and willingness of the foreign nation to assist. To maximize its effectiveness, planning for FNS should be integrated into broader diplomatic and operational strategies.

Importance

Foreign Nation Support (FNS) is important in military operations due to its role in enhancing collaboration, mutual understanding, and strategic alliance between partnering nations. FNS encompasses all forms of support provided by foreign nations to the U.S.

military and coalition partners during overseas operations. This could include resources, supplies, services, and access to facilities, amongst other forms of aid.

These partnerships not only alleviate logistical challenges, facilitating smoother military operations, but they also foster diplomatic ties and generate geopolitical benefits. By integrating the efforts and resources of foreign allies, the U.S.

military can bolster its capabilities and effectiveness, ensuring success in its missions and operations. Hence, FNS is a key element in the overall strategy of military operations, international relations, and global security collaborations.

Explanation

Foreign Nation Support (FNS) is a critical component of military operations that serves to streamline and enhance the efficiency of multilateral procedures. The purpose of this term lies in the operational contingency planning where negotiations between the U.S.

military (or any other military force planning the operation) and an allied or friendly foreign government are held to secure logistical and other types of support. Establishing financial agreements, labor contracts, or access to infrastructure, transportation, and communication resources are some of those necessities that FNS deal with.

Use of FNS is advantageous in various scenarios. For instance, it helps to reduce the strain on a military’s own resources, as it leverages the capabilities of the host nation or allied support.

It also enables faster deployment and a more unified and coordinated operational response to any emerging threats, contributing to more coherent and successful missions. In essence, FNS is a strategic tool for achieving military objectives with reduced logistical costs, improved efficiency, and closer collaboration with partner nations.

Examples of Foreign nation support (FNS)

Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan (2001 – onwards): This is a notable example of foreign nation support, where a coalition of international nations led by the United States provided military support to Afghanistan to suppress the Taliban, al-Qaeda, and other associated groups. The operation also included humanitarian support and rebuilding initiatives.

Korean War (1950 – 1953): The United Nation’s intervention in the Korean War is an example of FNS. A coalition of countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, among others, provided support to South Korea against the invasion from North Korea.

The Persian Gulf War (1990 – 1991): The global coalition led by the United States, which included Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and other foreign nations, is another notable example of FNS. These nations provided troops, resources, and logistical support during the war to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi invasion.

FAQs on Foreign Nation Support (FNS)

What is Foreign Nation Support (FNS)?

Foreign Nation Support (FNS) is a strategy employed by military forces where they provide support to their foreign counterparts in order to bolster relations, promote security and peace, and assist in their military development and operations.

Why is FNS important in military relations?

FNS plays a crucial role in military relations as it promotes interoperability, builds allies, promotes global stability and security, prevents conflicts, and fosters international military cooperation.

What are some examples of FNS?

FNS can occur in various forms such as joint military exercises, exchange of military personnel for training, provision of military equipment and logistics, sharing of intelligence, humanitarian assistance, and disaster response coordination.

How does FNS contribute to humanitarian efforts?

FNS often involves humanitarian efforts like disaster response coordination and humanitarian assistance, thus helping in the improvement of living conditions in nations in need, and also in building peace and stability in such regions.

Who can initiate FNS operations?

FNS operations are usually initiated by the governing bodies of military organizations in alliance with a country’s diplomatic or political leaders. It may also involve international organizations like the United Nations or NATO.

Related Military Operation Terms

Veterans Affairs International Office (VAIO)
Foreign Medical Program (FMP)
Compensation & Pension (C&P) Examinations Abroad
Bilateral Health Care Agreements
Foreign Service Post Support

Sources for More Information

Joint Chiefs of Staff: This is the official American department that advises on military matters. It offers plenty of resources and documents on FNS and related subjects.
NATO: As an international military alliance, NATO offers a global perspective on FNS. It has a wealth of resources and publications that can be beneficial for your research.
U.S. Department of Defense: This is the official website of the Defense Department. It often shares updates and documents related to FNS.
U.S. Naval Institute: This is a private, non-profit professional military association that offers articles and resources on various military and defense topics, including FNS.

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Definition

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) in military operations refers to damage caused to aircraft, equipment, or personnel due to debris or foreign objects on runways or other operating areas. It could involve a variety of materials, including rocks, tools, parts of other aircraft, or any other debris. This damage can often result in costly equipment repairs or even serious accidents.

Key Takeaways

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is a significant concern in military operations, particularly in the aviation sector. It refers to impairment caused to an aircraft’s parts due to foreign objects, which could include anything from equipment, tools, rocks, debris, and even birds.
FOD can potentially cause severe damage leading to unscheduled maintenance, loss of productivity, or in extreme cases, catastrophic accidents presenting a serious risk to flight safety. Thus, prevention and regular checks for FOD become crucial in military operations.
In order to control and reduce FOD, many military organizations use strategies like FOD walk-downs, awareness training programs, and implementing FOD prevention equipment such as high-quality matting systems that can trap and hold debris.

Importance

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is a crucial term in military operations due to its potential to inflict significant harm to equipment, particularly aircraft.

FOD refers to damage caused by foreign objects, which can range from small debris on a runway to tools left within an aircraft’s structure during manufacturing or maintenance.

These objects can be ingested into an aircraft’s engine or strike its exterior, causing substantial damage that can compromise operational readiness and safety.

Furthermore, FOD incidents can lead to costly repairs and downtime, negatively impacting the efficiency and budget of military operations.

Consequently, prevention of FOD is a critical aspect of maintaining the ongoing safety and effectiveness of military activities.

Explanation

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is a crucial concept within military operations, underlining the purpose of establishing a secure environment for critical machinery and vehicles, such as aircraft and ground support equipment. The ultimate purpose of addressing FOD is to secure these valuable assets from any potential harm or damage stemming from foreign bodies.

This could be as small as misplaced tools, rocks, trash, or other forms of debris, but their implications can be significantly substantial, potentially resulting in severe financial losses, equipment damage, and even loss of life. In terms of its utilization within military operations, FOD prevention measures are primarily employed to prevent accidents or equipment failures.

Regular checks and strict maintenance routines are part of this strategy, ensuring that equipment like jet engines are free from any foreign objects that can induce substantial harm. Furthermore, the application of FOD prevention also extends to the careful management of operational spaces, such as runways or hangars, where FOD can present serious hazards.

Consequently, the objective of FOD procedures is not only concerned with ensuring the operational viability of machinery, but it’s also about safeguarding human lives and maintaining financial stability by preventing unforeseen accidents or equipment failures.

Examples of Foreign object damage (FOD)

Aircraft Engines: One of the most common examples of foreign object damage (FOD) in real-world military operations involves aircraft engines. These engines operate at high speeds and any intrusion of foreign objects, like pieces of debris, tools, or bird strikes, can cause significant damage. An instance occurred in 2017 when a US Navy plane ingested debris on a runway, causing millions of dollars in damage.

Naval Operations: FOD also frequently impacts naval operations. For example, in 2006, the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower aircraft carrier experienced FOD when rope was sucked into its propulsion system. This incident caused extensive damage, requiring several weeks of maintenance and repairs.

Ground Vehicles: Military ground vehicles, such as tanks and Humvees, are also susceptible to FOD. During Operation Desert Storm, for instance, many military vehicles experienced damage from the harsh desert conditions. Sand and small rocks interfered with tire treads, engines, and sensitive equipment, leading to functional issues and equipment breakdowns.

FAQs on Foreign Object Damage (FOD)

What is Foreign Object Damage (FOD)?

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) refers to the impairment or harm afflicted to an aircraft’s parts or systems caused by foreign objects like debris on the airstrip or runway. It includes a wide variety of damages related to aviation, aerospace, manufacturing, and even motor racing industries.

What are the primary causes of FOD?

The primary causes of FOD include loose hardware, building materials, tools, personal items, trash, or wildlife found on the runway or within the aircraft.

What are the potential impacts of FOD?

FOD can cause significant disruption to operations, including aircraft damage, disruptions to air traffic, environmental harm, and potential loss of lives. The financial impact from repairs and delays can reach billions of dollars annually.

How can FOD be prevented?

FOD can be prevented through regular inspections, cleaning of runways and aircraft, and implementing strict protocols to control loose objects and wildlife. Innovative technologies such as automated FOD detection systems are also being deployed across many airports.

Are there any specific programs to battle FOD?

Yes, various programs like the FOD Prevention Program and the National Aerospace FOD Prevention Inc. have been implemented to mitigate FOD. These programs focus on spreading awareness, standardizing procedures, and integrating innovative technologies to prevent FOD.

Related Military Operation Terms

Sure, here is a list in HTML format:

Military Equipment Damage
VA Injury Compensation
Aircraft Operation Safety
Flight Line Operations
Preventive Maintenance

Sources for More Information

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) – FAA is a government agency dedicated to aviation safety which publishes materials about Foreign Object Damage (FOD).
National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) – NBAA provides a wealth of information related to aviation, including FOD prevention and management.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) – NFPA creates a standard for aviation fire and life safety that has information on FOD.
SKYbrary – SKYbrary is an international aviation safety web platform providing resources about FOD and measures to prevent it.

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Definition

A Foreign Service National (FSN) is a term used in military operations to refer to non-U.S. citizens who are employed by the U.S. Department of State in a foreign country. These individuals provide essential in-country knowledge, language skills, and cultural insights for embassies and consulates. FSNs are considered pivotal to successful foreign relations and diplomacy.

Key Takeaways

Foreign Service National (FSN) is a term primarily used in the realm of military operations and diplomacy. It refers to locals who are hired by an embassy or consulate in their home country to assist with the operations and functions of the said embassy or consulate.
As an FSN, individuals perform several critical roles including translation, administrative support, cultural advising and even high level policy advising. This helps the embassy or consulate operate more effectively in the foreign country, as FSNs tend to have a deep understanding of the local context, customs, and language.
FSNs can be beneficial for military operations as they may assist with local liaison work, provide essential local knowledge and insight, and play crucial roles during missions to ensure the safety and success of the military personnel stationed in their country. Their deep knowledge of the local environment, social dynamics, and cultural nuances can be invaluable in such operations.

Importance

Foreign Service National (FSN) is a critical term in military operations because it refers to individuals who provide essential insights and support to foreign services in their home countries.

FSNs are local residents who are employed by a U.S.

embassy or consulate, often bringing invaluable understanding of the local culture, politics, social dynamics, and more.

They contribute significantly to operational efficiency by giving American military personnel and diplomats a better understanding of their operational environment.

Thus, FSNs play a vital role in fostering international relationships, enhancing cross-cultural communications, and ensuring the success of foreign deployments.

Explanation

A Foreign Service National (FSN) is an essential part of military and government operations overseas, particularly in establishing and maintaining effective relationships with host countries. This term refers to individuals residing in the country where the foreign missions are located and who are hired by these missions to provide critical support in various administrative, technical or professional disciplines. They play an pivotal role in helping the foreign missions to understand and interact effectively with the local culture, society, and governmental systems.

Their knowledge and experience aid in promoting mutual understanding, fostering collaboration, and achieving mission objectives. FSNs bring to the table their intimate knowledge of the local political, economic, social and cultural context, contributing to the operation of the U.S. Embassies and Consulates around the world.

Their responsibilities span across different areas, including political and economic analysis, public diplomacy, healthcare, management, security, and many more. FSNs not only serve as intermediaries between the foreign mission and local institutions and government officials, but they also provide continuity during transitions between different Foreign Service Officers. This role is invaluable in diplomatic operations to ensure the effective functioning of the foreign missions.

Examples of Foreign service national (FSN)

U.S. Embassy in Iraq: The U.S. embassy in Iraq employs Foreign Service Nationals who are Iraqi citizens. These FSNs are a crucial component of the embassy, as they bring in-depth understanding of local customs and societal nuances, speak the local language fluently, and have networks that can facilitate the embassy’s work.

Canadian High Commission in India: The Canadian High Commission in India hires Indian citizens as FSNs to carry out various roles. They assist in administrative responsibilities, help with interpretive services, and act as liaisons between the high commission and local businesses or government offices.

British Embassy in Japan: The British Embassy in Japan has numerous Japanese citizens working as FSNs. They play a vital role in diplomatic relations, carrying out tasks such as translating documents, meeting with local officials, or providing advice and information about Japanese culture, society, and politics to UK diplomats.

Foreign Service National (FSN) FAQ

What is a Foreign Service National (FSN)?

A Foreign Service National (FSN) is a citizen of the country where a U.S. embassy or other foreign mission is located, but who is also employed by the U.S. government. They can bring a unique perspective on the culture and politics of their home country, making them a valuable asset to the U.S. foreign mission.

What is the role of an FSN?

An FSN’s role can vary, but they typically provide a range of services, including administrative, technical, professional, or clerical work. They can work in different departments and take on roles like translators, research analysts, drivers, security personnel, administrative assistants, and many more.

How does one become an FSN?

To become an FSN, an individual has to apply to job announcements posted by the U.S. embassy or consulate in their country. Each job announcement will have specific qualifications and requirements, and candidates must go through a local hiring process.

What is the FSN Advocacy Council?

The FSN Advocacy Council is a group established to discuss and advocate for the common concerns and interests of FSNs working in U.S. missions around the world. They work together to recognize the value and importance of FSNs and draw attention to their needs and concerns.

What benefits do FSNs receive?

FSNs receive a competitive salary and a range of benefits, including health insurance, retirement plans, paid holidays, and vacation. However, these benefits can vary depending on the local labor law, U.S. international agreements, and U.S. laws and regulations.

Related Military Operation Terms

Foreign Service Officer (FSO)
Overseas Citizen Services (OCS)
VA Health Benefits
Post Allowance (PA)
Diplomatic service

Sources for More Information

U.S. Department of State – Official government website providing comprehensive information regarding foreign service national roles.
American Foreign Service Association (AFSA) – An established organization offering detailed coverage of foreign service roles, including FSNs.
Archive of the U.S. Department of State – An archived website that provides extensive historical stats and information on various positions including FSN.
Wikipedia – While not a primary source, Wikipedia can provide general knowledge about FSN and links to other reliable resources.

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Definition

Forensic-enabled intelligence (FEI) is a methodology used in military operations that integrates traditional intelligence with evidence from various sources like digital forensics and biometric data. By analyzing this information, it allows military forces to identify and track adversaries effectively. It enhances situational awareness, helping the military make informed tactical and strategic decisions.

Key Takeaways

Forensic Enabled Intelligence (FEI) integrates traditional intelligence gathering with digital and forensic sciences to provide a greater understanding of the situations in military operations. It helps in extracting useful information from various sources like recovered enemy materials.
FEI not only assists in identifying immediate threats but also aids in recognizing patterns, relationships, and trends over time related to enemy activities. Such information can be crucial in predicting and preventing future threats.
FEI facilitates actionable, timely, and accurate intelligence. It thus enhances the operational effectiveness, decision making and situational awareness in the military and in the process, saves lives, reaches objectives, and maintains strategic advantage.

Importance

Forensic-Enabled Intelligence (FEI) is crucial in modern military operations as it combines forensics techniques and intelligence analysis to help identify, track, and eliminate threats.

Utilizing FEI allows the military to collect data from various sources, analyze it, and produce actionable intelligence on enemy actions, methodologies, and long-term trends.

This can significantly enhance a military’s ability to counter adversarial tactics, disrupt their operations, and prevent future attacks.

Moreover, the gathered information can be used to support prosecution activities in the course of enforcing the law.

Therefore, it plays an indispensable role in both strategic planning and decision-making processes in contemporary warfare.

Explanation

Forensic-enabled intelligence (FEI) is an integral component of military operations aimed at enhancing our understanding of adversaries and their tactics. The primary purpose of FEI is twofold: to expose the methodologies, tools, and strategies employed by opponents, and to leverage this knowledge to counter threats and improve operational security.

By combining the principles of forensics and intelligence analysis, FEI extracts valuable information from the material remnants left behind in conflict zones, which could span a range from exploded improvised explosive devices (IEDs) to digital footprints. For instance, in a post-blast situation, FEI specialists might analyze the trace elements and residual components of the explosion to understand the technology, materials, and methods used in the making of the device.

This analysis can then help link back to specific groups or individuals, providing insight into who might be responsible. In a digital context, FEI might involve dissecting malware, tracing IP addresses, or studying patterns of cyber attacks to understand the adversary’s tactics and technologies.

This information not only aids in identifying, apprehending, and prosecuting those responsible, but it also assists in implementing more robust defenses to proactively mitigate future threats.

Examples of Forensic-enabled intelligence (FEI)

Operation Neptune Spear: This operation led by the United States Navy SEALS resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden in

The FEI in this case happened when intelligence agencies used DNA testing to confirm the identity of Osama bin Laden. They used a comparison with his sister’s DNA to definitively identify him. This is a prime example of FEI as it utilised forensic science to provide vital information for military intelligence.

Operation Iraqi Freedom: The campaign to overthrow Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq accumulated a significant number of files, documents, weapons, and other materiel. Forensic experts analyzed these items to unearth pertinent information. From this, they were able to compile an extensive picture of the capacity and methods of the Iraqi regime, used to develop further military strategies and operations.

Afghanistan’s IED Attacks: Forensic-enabled intelligence has been incredibly significant in combating the threat of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Afghanistan. NATO forces have collected extensive information about these devices, using it to understand how they are made, who is making them and, where they may be located. This intelligence has been fundamental in neutralising the threat of IEDs in the region.

FAQs for Forensic-enabled Intelligence (FEI)

What is Forensic-enabled Intelligence (FEI)?

Forensic-enabled Intelligence or FEI is a military concept that involves the collection and analysis of forensic data like biometrics and material evidence in order to gather intelligence. This intelligence can then be used to inform combat decisions and strategies, especially in counterterrorism operations.

What are the types of data collected in FEI?

In FEI, the most commonly used types of data include biometric data such as fingerprints and DNA, as well as material evidence that can be gathered from the field like weapon fragments, explosive residue, and other pieces of physical evidence.

Why is Forensic-enabled Intelligence (FEI) important?

FEI is crucial as it allows militaries to gather concrete, physical evidence that can be used to support or refute intelligence reports. It’s especially beneficial in counter-terrorism operations where it may be used to identify individuals involved in the creation or deployment of IEDs.

What are some challenges in implementing FEI?

Some of the challenges in implementing FEI include the logistics of collecting and preserving physical evidence in a warzone, ensuring that the collected data is reliable and has been properly analyzed, and time constraints when it comes to producing useful intelligence from the collected data.

What is the potential future of FEI?

As technology continues to evolve, so too will the capabilities of FEI. With advancements in technology, we can expect improvements in the speed and accuracy of FEI analyses, the potential to collect and analyze more types of data, and a greater integration of FEI data into the overall intelligence picture.

Related Military Operation Terms

Crime Scene Analysis: A key component of FEI where evidence is carefully collected and studied to assist in investigation and legal proceeding.
Evidence-based Decision Making: Another term related to FEI, referring to using the intelligence gathered to make infallible, well-informed decisions or conclusions.
Investigative Reporting: In the context of FEI, it pertains to the detailed report created as a result of investigating a particular matter or crime.
Forensic Data Collection: This refers to the process of gathering and preserving all relevant information to be used in an investigation, which is a crucial aspect of FEI.
Digital Forensics: This term is increasingly becoming relevant to FEI due to the advent of technology. It involves conducting investigations and extracting evidence from digital devices.

Sources for More Information

Department of Homeland Security – An American national security organization that might have information on Forensic-enabled intelligence (FEI).
Federal Bureau of Investigation – As a domestic law enforcement and intelligence agency, FBI may have resources on FEI.
Central Intelligence Agency – The CIA conducts intelligence and counterintelligence operations, and may have information on FEI.
National Security Agency – An intelligence organization of the U.S. government, responsible for global monitoring, collection, and process of information and data, they might have useful resources on FEI.

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Definition

Formerly Restricted Data (FRD) is a category of classified information in the U.S military operations. It refers to data that has been removed from the Restricted Data category, which pertains to nuclear weapons and their production. However, even as “Formerly Restricted Data”, the information still requires a level of clearance to access due to its relevance to national security.

Key Takeaways

‘Formerly Restricted Data’ (FRD) is a category of classified information that primarily pertains to nuclear weaponry, military nuclear reactors, and military nuclear programs. This term refers to data that was once classified, but has been declassified yet still requires restricted handling.
The term is governed by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 in the United States, this legislation focuses on ensuring the security and appropriate usage of nuclear material, particularly in a military context.
Despite its declassification, FRD is still controlled and maintained to prevent unauthorized dissemination. Its handling is often at the similar security levels to Confidential Restricted Data and Confidential National Security Information.

Importance

The term “Formerly Restricted Data” (FRD) in military operations is important mainly because it pertains to the classification of data or information related to nuclear weaponry and military nuclear technology.

The information under this category was previously classified as Restricted Data (RD), however, it has been redefined to keep a clear distinction from data that pertains more directly to the construction of nuclear weapons.

Maintaining an understanding and control over the dissemination of such sensitive information is crucial, not only for national security but also for international stability.

Under the Atomic Energy Act, such information is strictly regulated and improper handling can result in legal penalties, showcasing the significant importance of the term.

Explanation

The term “Formerly Restricted Data” (FRD) in military operations denotes specific categories of classified information concerning the design, manufacture, or use of atomic weapons; production of special nuclear material; or the use of special nuclear material in the production of energy. The primary purpose of this classification was to control the dissemination of such critical information which, in the wrong hands, could pose serious threats to national security.

Also, it provides a legislative structure that allows particular nuclear-related information to be shared for specific purposes, such as international cooperative agreements, without losing control over its overall management. The practical application of “Formerly Restricted Data” is vast and indispensable in maintaining a balance between necessary transparency and the safeguarding of national security.

The classification allows certain entities such as military strategists, nuclear scientists, policy developers and authorized international allies access to specific information that is crucial for planning, research and development while ensuring it stays out of reach of those who might misuse it. Therefore, such information management practices enable the effective operation of nuclear programs, military tactics, national and international policies, and agreements.

Examples of Formerly restricted data

Formerly Restricted Data (FRD) is a classification of information related to nuclear weapons and programs. This is sensitive information that is removed from the Restricted Data category when it pertains to military utilization. Here are three examples:

Operation Ivy: This operation, conducted by the U.S. in the Pacific Proving Grounds in 1952, was the first full-scale test of a thermonuclear device (“hydrogen bomb”). Information about this operation, such as the weapons’ designs and the strategic motivations behind their deployment, probably became FRD after they were declassified for appropriate personnel.

Operation Rolling Thunder: This was a U.S. operational strategy during the Vietnam War that involved sustained aerial bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Specific information regarding the deployment, operation, and results of nuclear-related missions or tactics would fall into the FRD classification.

Development of nuclear submarines: Over the years, the activities pertaining to the development, construction, and operation of nuclear submarines by the U.S. Navy would also create material that, once declassified, could become FRD. Technical characteristics of the submarine’s propulsion system or strategic use of such submarines in military operations is an example.

FAQs: Formerly Restricted Data

What is Formerly Restricted Data (FRD)?

Formerly Restricted Data refers to a classification of declassified information related to nuclear weapons and strategic military operations. This data was initially classified and restricted due to national security reasons but has been declassified and made public over time.

What type of information does Formerly Restricted Data include?

Formerly Restricted Data includes fields like nuclear weapons design, manufacturing, use, and strategic military deployment. It also includes information about nuclear weapons tests and related scientific data that has been declassified.

Who declassifies Formerly Restricted Data?

The process of declassifying Formerly Restricted Data is typically handled by government agencies such as the Department of Energy (DOE) and Department of Defense (DOD) in the United States. These agencies have the authority to classify and declassify information in the interest of national security.

How is Formerly Restricted Data utilized?

Formerly Restricted Data provides valuable historical, technical, and strategic insight for governmental policy making, military planning, and scientific research. It also contributes significantly to public knowledge and understanding of the nation’s military operations and nuclear programs.

Is it legal to publish and distribute Formerly Restricted Data?

Publishing and distributing Formerly Restricted Data is usually legal because the data has been declassified by the responsible government agencies. However, details pertaining to ongoing operations or undisclosed locations may still be classified. Therefore, proper clearance and adherence to the disclosure laws are vital before releasing any formerly restricted information.

Related Military Operation Terms

Declassification Authority
Non-Public Information
Confidentiality Agreement
Release Restrictions
Sensitive Information Management

Sources for More Information

U.S. Department of Energy: This is the government department responsible for the country’s nuclear infrastructure, with plenty of information about classified and restricted data.
Federation of American Scientists: This organization provides detailed reports and publications on military and nuclear issues, including formerly restricted data.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission: This is a government organization responsible for regulating the nuclear industry in the U.S.
Office of the Director of National Intelligence: This office provides leadership and coordination to the U.S. intelligence community, dealing with all forms of classified information.

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Definition

A Forward Air Controller (FAC) is a trained and qualified individual who is responsible for coordinating the support of close air support (CAS) to ground forces. From a forward position, they identify enemy targets and communicate their locations to attack aircraft. They also oversee the delivery of the aerial attack, ensuring its precision to avoid friendly fire.

Key Takeaways

Forward Air Controller (FAC) refers to a qualified individual who is stationed in a forward ground or airborne position, tasked with directing the action of combat aircraft engaging enemy targets in close proximity to friendly forces.
They play a crucial role in coordinating air support, often during high-risk operations in combat zones, ensuring the safety of friendly forces and maximizing the impact on enemy targets.
FACs require extensive training to effectively communicate with pilots, understand the battlefield dynamics, and interpret the rules of engagement to prevent friendly fire or collateral damage.

Importance

A Forward Air Controller (FAC) plays a crucial role in military operations due to their responsibility in coordinating and directing air support for ground troops.

They are essentially the pivotal link between aviation and ground forces, essential for maintaining efficient communication and implementing strategic maneuvers during combat.

Their duties involve accurately identifying enemy positions, ensuring the safety of non-combatants, coordinating attack timings, and providing precise instructions to attack aircraft.

Therefore, the FAC’s role significantly contributes to minimizing collateral damage, enhancing combat operation effectiveness, and ultimately ensuring the success of military missions.

Explanation

A Forward Air Controller (FAC) plays a crucial role in military operations, primarily serving as the coordination link between ground troops and air support. Their fundamental purpose is to ensure accuracy and effectiveness in air strikes, with an ultimate goal of reducing friendly fire or collateral damage.

They are usually based at strategic positions on the ground or within an aircraft above the operational area, where they can have a clear overview of the battlefield. By directing the actions of combat aircraft engaged in close air support (CAS) to ground troops, the FAC helps to shape the battle’s results by influencing the placement, timing, and strength of air power.

The FAC’s role may involve various activities, such as identifying enemy targets, determining their location, and communicating this vital information to attack pilots. They also provide detailed situational updates and warnings regarding terrain, weather, or enemy defenses, and may even control the exact moment an aircraft releases its weapons for maximum impact.

Furthermore, post-strike, FACs evaluate the effectiveness of the attack, noting any necessary adjustments for future strikes. To fulfill this demanding role, FACs require extensive training not only in aircraft weapon systems, but also in ground tactics, maps, and communication equipment, which makes them a pivotal component in modern warfare.

Examples of Forward air controller (FAC)

Operation Rolling Thunder (Vietnam War) – During the Vietnam War, the Forward Air Control (FAC) was crucial for Operation Rolling Thunder, which was a sustained aerial bombardment campaign conducted by the United States. This operation relied heavily on FACs, who piloted slow-moving light aircraft over enemy regions to locate potential targets and direct fighter bombers to those targets.

Operation Desert Storm (Gulf War) – In the 1991 Gulf War, Forward Air Controllers were used extensively during Operation Desert Storm. They coordinated precision airstrikes against enemy targets in Iraq and Kuwait, contributing significantly to the success of these operations and reducing the risk of civilian and friendly losses.

Operation Anaconda (War in Afghanistan) – During Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan in 2002, FACs were tasked with identifying and designating targets for air strikes in the mountainous regions of Eastern Afghanistan, where regular ground forces couldn’t easily reach. They played a critical role in the operation by providing real-time information on enemy locations and coordinating air support, helping to neutralize enemy positions and providing cover for ground units.

Forward Air Controller (FAC) FAQ

What is a Forward Air Controller (FAC)?

A Forward Air Controller (FAC) is a qualified individual who, from a forward ground or airborne position, directs and controls aircraft engaging ground targets.

What is the main role of a Forward Air Controller (FAC)?

The main role of a Forward Air Controller (FAC) is to oversee and manage air strikes and air-to-ground operations, ensuring accuracy and safety.

What kind of training does a Forward Air Controller (FAC) receive?

Training for a Forward Air Controller (FAC) includes learning tactical air control, air navigation, communications, and combat survival. They are also trained in various types of aircraft and weapons systems.

Where does a Forward Air Controller (FAC) operate?

A Forward Air Controller (FAC) can operate from a variety of settings, which can range from ground positions to aircraft such as helicopters and high-speed jets.

How does a Forward Air Controller (FAC) co-ordinate with other military operations?

A Forward Air Controller (FAC) coordinates closely with ground commanders and aircrew, using real-time communication and data links to manage air missions. They are pivotal in aligning air support with ground operations.

Related Military Operation Terms

Airborne Forward Air Controller (AFAC)
Close Air Support (CAS)
Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC)
Tactical Air Control Party (TACP)
Spotter Aircraft

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Definition

A Forward Air Controller (Airborne) or FAC(A) is a qualified military officer stationed in an aircraft who is responsible for coordinating the actions of ground and air elements with respect to mechanized warfare. The primary function of a FAC(A) is to direct air strikes and support ground forces during military operations. They communicate and cooperate with other military units to ensure accurate delivery of air firepower on enemy targets.

Key Takeaways

A Forward Air Controller (Airborne) or FAC(A) is a specially qualified pilot onboard an aircraft who is responsible for coordinating the actions of ground attack aircraft to ensure air support is directed towards the correct targets on the battlefield. This often involves a close collaboration with ground units.
The FAC(A)’s primary duties include communication with ground forces, determining target locations, coordination of air resources, and adjustment of artillery fire. As the airborne eyes of the ground commander, they maintain situational awareness of the battlefield and ensure the safety of friendly forces during close-air-support missions.
Notably, the utilization of FAC(A)s enhances the effectiveness of air-ground operations by significantly reducing response times for air support, improving precision in terms of target identification and hit accuracy, and reducing the risk of friendly fire incidents. This role is therefore critical in modern warfare where the timely and accurate delivery of air support can greatly influence the outcome of a conflict.

Importance

The military operations term “Forward Air Controller (Airborne) (FAC(A))” is crucial because it refers to a specialist pilot responsible for guiding and coordinating air attacks from a forward position in an aircraft, overseeing a designated area on the battlefield.

The FAC(A) identifies and verifies targets, communicates their locations to strike aircraft and ground forces, and controls the strike’s timing and direction.

This critical role enhances the accuracy, effectiveness, and safety of air operations, reducing the risk of friendly fire and collateral damage, while ensuring the most effective use of air assets in supporting ground operations.

Explanation

The Forward Air Controller (Airborne) or FAC(A) serves a critical role in military operations, particularly in facilitating coordinated air-ground combat. Their primary purpose is to direct airstrikes on enemy targets that ground forces have identified, ensuring a precise, effective, and safe application of airpower.

As airborne specialists, they are often positioned in light observation or attack aircrafts, and they have an optimized view of the battlefield which makes them effective in locating and verifying ground targets. FAC(A)s are not just used for direct combat operations, but also in surveillance and reconnaissance missions.

They gather and provide crucial intelligence about enemy positions, movements, and capabilities, thereby equipping ground forces with the necessary information for strategizing and planning. Additionally, they function as relays between ground forces and the command chain, ensuring both the operational efficiency and safety of the ground troops.

Due to their vital function, FAC(A)s undergo rigorous training to gain proficiency in various areas such as flight navigation, communication, and target identification amidst complex and adverse conditions.

Examples of Forward air controller (airborne) (FAC(A))

Operation Desert Storm (1991): During this operation, the U.S. Air Force used airborne forward air controllers (FAC(A)) in their A-10 Thunderbolt II and OA-10 aircraft. Their role was to identify and mark enemy targets ahead of the main force, ensuring successful strikes and minimal collateral damage. The pilots of these aircraft used infrared markers and laser designators to direct coalition aircraft towards their targets. This operation saw one of the most extensive uses of FAC(A) in modern warfare.

Vietnam War (1955-1975): Airborne forward air controllers played a significant role, often flying small, slow aircrafts to identify enemy forces and direct air strikes onto them. They operated in many significant battles, including the Tet Offensive. These FAC(A) missions often faced heavy anti-aircraft fire and had high casualty rates.

Operation Enduring Freedom (2001-2014): In Afghanistan, FAC(A) were used extensively by the US and its allies to coordinate air strikes against Taliban and Al-Qaeda targets. Due to the rugged terrain and lack of advanced communication infrastructure on the ground, airborne controllers proved invaluable for directing precision strikes and providing close air support for the ground forces. Each FAC(A) team consisted of a pilot and a combat systems officer who liaised with ground troops and used a variety of sensors to identify enemy targets.

FAQ Section: Forward Air Controller (Airborne) (FAC(A))

What is a Forward Air Controller (Airborne) (FAC(A))?

A Forward Air Controller (Airborne) (FAC(A)) is a qualified aviator tasked with directing aircraft engaged in close air support of ground troops. The FAC(A) operates from the air, providing a bird’s eye view of the battlefield and coordinating the activities of combat aircraft in the area.

What are the responsibilities of a FAC(A)?

The FAC(A) is responsible for ensuring friendly troops are safe during close air support operations. They must differentiate between enemy and friendly forces, give clearance for an air attack, and provide any additional tactical information to the pilots in the air.

How is a FAC(A) different from a regular FAC?

While both FACs and FAC(A)s have the job of directing air operations, their main difference lies in their location. A FAC operates from a ground location and communicates directly with aircraft in flight, while a FAC(A) performs their role from an airborne platform. This airborne perspective gives the FAC(A) an ability to mark targets and assess post-strike damage from a vantage point not accessible to a ground-based FAC.

What type of training is required for a FAC(A)?

FAC(A) personnel undergo a rigorous and comprehensive training program. This includes, but is not limited to, joint fire observer training, air weapons delivery training, and battlefield air operations training. Through these various trainings, they learn how to precisely coordinate air strikes and minimize the risk of friendly fire while maximizing operational effectiveness.

Related Military Operation Terms

Airborne Command and Control
Combat Air Support
Air Strike Coordination
Target Designation
Tactical Air Navigation

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